Tenor Recorder

The tenor recorder is a member of the recorder family. It has the same form as a soprano (or descant) recorder and an alto (or treble) recorder, but it produces a lower sound than either; a still lower sound is produced by the bass recorder and great bass recorder.

The tenor recorder, like the soprano recorder, is tuned in C, but is pitched an octave lower. Because of its larger size, many tenors have keys to make it easier to play the lowest C and C, and occasionally D and D.

In modern notation, the tenor is written at sounding pitch, unlike most of the other recorder sizes, which (except sometimes the alto) are written an octave lower or higher than they sound.

History

In the Baroque there was a notable lack of the tenor recorder in C, which featured in consort music of the Renaissance, and which forms an important part of the modern recorder playing movement. Instead there existed an alto recorder in D, or " Voiceflute", which was said to be the instrument closest in character to the human voice. In the 18th century, in German-speaking countries, the tenor recorder was named ''Quartflöte'' (fourth flute), after the interval it forms below the ordinary recorder (alto) in F. Confusingly, the same name was used for the soprano recorder in C, apparently because it forms the same interval above the alto in G. At the same time, the English and French equivalents, "fourth flute" and "flute du quatre", meant a recorder a fourth higher than the alto in F—that is, an instrument with B as its lowest note.

Innovations

More recently, the tenor recorder has become the subject of experimentation into modern "harmonic" recorders, so called because of their in-tune harmonics. Nick Tarasov and Joachim Paetzold started experimenting with "harmonic" recorders in the 1930s, with the goal to "strengthen the original characteristics of the recorder and minimize the weakness of standard models". Contemporary models such as the Helder Tenor manufactured by Mollenhauer and the Ehlert Tenor produced by Moeck are harmonic recorders as well. The tenor recorder has also been subject to other variations such as the Breukink-Slide-Recorder, and the moveable-block systems of the Helder Tenor and Strathmann-flute.

Repertoire

Notably, the soprano recorder has the largest work for a solo wind instrument in European history, '' Der Fluyten Lust-hof'' composed by Jacob van Eyck. Much of the repertoire of the Baroque traverso is commonly adapted onto the tenor recorder. Additionally the tenor recorder has been included in many contemporary ensemble works, such as Hindemith: ''Abendkonzert aus Plöner Musiktag'' for SAT ensemble, and the "Music for Recorders" as edited by Benjamin Britten, among other contemporary works.

References

Sources

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Further reading

* Alker, Hugo. 1963. "The Tenor Recorder: Its Development, Special Characteristics and Repertoire", with additions and amendments by Edgar Hunt. ''The Consort'' no. 20 (July): 166–73.
* Baines, Anthony C. 1967. ''Woodwind Instruments and Their History'', third edition, with a foreword by Sir Adrian Boult. London: Faber and Faber. Reprinted with corrections, 1977. This edition reissued, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991, and reprinted again in 2012. .
* Bowman, Peter. 1995. "The Birth of a Truly Contemporary Recorder". ''Recorder Magazine'' 15, No. 4 (November): 126–27.
* Griscom, Richard W., and David Lasocki. 2013. ''The Recorder: A Research and Information Guide'', third edition. Routledge Music Bibliographies. Routledge. .
* Praetorius, Michael. 1619a.
Syntagmatis Musici Michaelis Praetorii C. Tomus Secundus De Organographia
'. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein, in Verlegung des Autoris.
* Praetorius, Michael. 1619b.
Syntagmatis Musici Michaelis Praetorii C. Tomus Tertius
'. Wolfenbüttel: Elias Holwein.
* Rose, Pete. 1996. "A New Recorder for New Music". ''American Recorder'' 37, No. 4 (September): 18–20.
* Sachs, Curt. 1913. ''Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente, zugleich ein Polyglossar für das gesamte Instrumentengebiet''. Berlin: Julius Bard.

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Baroque instruments
Early musical instruments
Internal fipple flutes
Recorders (musical instruments)